Exploring the quadriceps muscle architecture variations in various sports disciplines: a comparative analysis of football, taekwondo, and athletics.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to comprehensively investigate and compare the architecture of the quadriceps muscle in football, taekwondo, and athletics, shedding light on potential differences and providing valuable insights for athletic training and performance enhancement. METHODS: Thirty-five athletes (football[N.]=14. [7 women, 7 men]; taekwondo [N.]=11. [6 women, 5 men]; athletics [N.]=10. [5 women, 5 men]) aged 17-21 years participated in the study. After participant demographic data were collected, 2D real-time B-mode ultrasound (USG) and right (R) and left (L) leg quadriceps muscle group rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis, pennation angle (PA), RF cross-sectional area (CSA), and subcutaneous fat thickness were determined. RESULTS: In the study, in female athletes, R-RF+VI (P=0.04, ES:4.34), R-VI (P=0.01, ES: 6.1), R-RF: (P=0.009, ES: 7.9), R-CSA (P=0.04, ES: 5.2), L-RF (P=0.002, ES: 10.4) and L-CSA (P=0.007, ES: 7.7) significant differences were found in favor of the Football group. In male athletes, R-CSA (P=0.004, ES: 9.05), L-RF (P=0.05, ES: 3.5) and L-SFT (P=0.00, ES: 13.6), there was a significant difference in favor of the Football group. L-PA (P=0.009, ES: 6.2). L-PA (P=0.009, ES: 6.2) was significantly higher in the male Taekwondo group. CONCLUSIONS: Our research findings show that there is a significant relationship between the type of exercise performed and the structural differences observed in the quadriceps muscle. Consequently, it is highly recommended to consider the outcomes of our study for enhancing the efficacy of training programs in the domains of football, taekwondo, and athletics.

Investigation of Deltoid Muscle Activation From Different Angles in Body Building Athletes.

Objectives: It is known that bodybuilders suffer from shoulder injuries frequently. Therefore, it is important to determine the most appropriate form of movement during shoulder exercises. For this reason, this study was carried out to determine the most accurate form of movement by examining the deltoid muscle activation of bodybuilders from different angles. Methods: The survey model, one of the quantitative research techniques, was used in this study. 53 athletes (44 men, 9 women) with an age of 25.77±9.13 years, height of 177.07±8.40 cm, body weight of 78.06±14.16 kg, and body mass index of 24.78±3.43 kg/m2 who regularly attended bodybuilding gyms were included in the study. The deltoid activations of the participants was measured, while the glenohumeral joint is at 90°, the cubital joint is in abduction at 180°, 150° and 120°. surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback was determined using the Neurotrac Myoplus Pro device. Joint angles were determined with a goniometer. Statistical analyses of the study were performed using the SPSS 25 package program. It was found that the data were normally distributed and the Repeated measures Anova test was applied for comparisons. Results: As a result of statistical analysis, in male participants, mean deltoid sEMG values and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC [%]) significantly decreased with decreasing angle size (p<0.05). In female participants, the average sEMG and MVC (%) values did not change at different angles (p>0.05). Conclusion: According to the research results, shoulder sEMG activations decrease in direct proportion to the angle in bodybuilders. When the glenohumeral joint is 90° and the cubital joint is 180°, the activation of the medial deltoid muscle is highest. It is suggested that bodybuilders should consider the results of our study when performing exercises to hypertrophy the deltoid muscle.

Investigation of Kidney Morphology and Somatotype Components in Early-Stage Kidney Patients.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the kidney morphology and somatotype components of adult patients with early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: The sample consisted of 46 individuals with early-stage CKD (26 men and 20 women, mean age=45.92±16.53 years). The pathological subjects were compared with a control group consisting of 46 healthy subjects (28 men and 18 women, mean age=41.96±11.48 years). The Heath-Carter method was used to determine somatotype components. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) of patients with Stage 2 CKD and healthy volunteers taken within the past 3 months was scanned to determine kidney morphology. Kidney measurements were performed on CTs (length, width, depth, and volume of kidney). Results: Kidney patients (mean somatotype: 6.33-5.37-0.6) were less ectomorphic and more endomorphic than the controls (mean somatotype: 4.35-4.40-3.02). Moderate effect size (ES) was found in endomorphy (ES=0.87; p=0.035) and ectomorphy (ES=1.08; p=0.012) between groups. No significant difference was observed in the kidney morphology (ES=0.04-0.19; p>0.05). Conclusion: In the early-stage CKD, kidney morphology may not be the distinguishing factor. On the other hand, patients differed significantly in terms of endomorph components. Being overweight can also be one of the negative findings for kidney disease. Somatotype classification could be a suitable tool for monitoring kidney disease.

Examination of the Effect of Somatotype Profiles on Athletic Performance Indicators in Children Aged 48-72 Months.

INTRODUCTION: Physical fitness and anthropometric variables are crucial in achieving success in the field of sports. These variables serve as the foundation and platform for children to showcase their athletic abilities. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of somatotype profiles of children aged 48-72 months on athletic performance in order to contribute to talent selection. METHODS: A total of 124 students (62 females, 62 males), aged between 48 and 72 months (mean age of females: 5.75±1.00, mean age of males: 5.68±1.15), participated in the study. Somatotype analysis was performed using the Heath-Carter method. Performance measurements of students included a 20-meter sprint test, flexibility, leg strength, push-up tests, crunches, vertical jump, standing long jump, hand strength, back strength, and hamstring length determination tests. RESULTS: In this study, there was a significant difference in favor of mesomorphic endomorph in crunches (F=3.914, p=0.013) and push-up (F=4.864, p=0.004) exercises for female children compared to all somatotypes. In male children, although the central group was dominant in athletic performance measurements, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Somatotype is a suitable method for enhancing athletic performance and directing individuals to the appropriate sports discipline. Somatotype profiles are not fully developed in children aged 48-72 months. In the later years, children with suitable somatotypes are expected to demonstrate improved athletic performance.

Morphometry of the Middle Cerebral Arteries: A Radio-Anatomical Study Based on Computed Tomography Angiography Findings / Morfometría de las Arterias Cerebrales Medias: Un Estudio Anátomo-Radiológico Basado en los Hallazgos de la Angiografía por Tomografía Computada

SUMMARY: Middle cerebral artery (MCA), which has the largest irrigation area of the arteries that feed the brain, is an important artery whose microanatomy should be well known because of its vascular variation. In pathologies which are known to affect the cerebrovascular system such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, morphometric characteristics of MCA gain importance. The aim of this study is to compare the morphometric characteristics of M1 segment of MCA in T2DM and hypertensive patients with those of healthy control group by using computed tomographic angiography (CTA). The study was carried out with retrospective morphometric analysis of CTA images of 200 individuals between 40 and 65 years of age. The individuals were grouped in four as hypertensive patients (group 1), patients with T2DM (group 2), patients with hypertension and T2DM (group 3) and healthy control group (group 4). Length and diameter measurements of M1 segment were performed and recorded by using 3D CTA images. While statistically significant difference was found between bilateral M1 segment diameters of both women and men (p0.05). As a result of the post hoc analysis performed, it was concluded that right and left M1 segment diameter of group 1, group 2 and group 3 was found to be different from group 4 in both sexes (p<0.05). We believe that this study will both be a guide in radio-anatomic assessments to be performed and also increase microanatomic level of information in the surgical treatment of the artery by showing the morphometric changes that occur in M1 segment of MCA in T2DM diseases.

La arteria cerebral media (ACM), que otorga la mayor área de irrigación de las arterias que alimentan el cerebro, es un vaso importante cuya microanatomía debe ser bien conocida por su variación vascular. En patologías que afectan al sistema cerebrovascular, como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y la hipertensión, las características morfométricas de la ACM cobran importancia. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las características morfométricas del segmento M1 de la ACM en pacientes con DM2 e hipertensos con las del grupo control sano mediante el uso de angiografía por tomografía computada (TC). El estudio fue realizado através de análisis morfométrico retrospectivo de imágenes de TC de 200 individuos entre 40 y 65 años de edad. Los individuos fueron divididos en cuatro grupos, como pacientes hipertensos (grupo 1), pacientes con DM2 (grupo 2), pacientes con hipertensión y DM2 (grupo 3) y grupo control sano (grupo 4). Las mediciones de longitud y diámetro del segmento M1 se realizaron y registraron utilizando imágenes 3D TC. Si bien se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diámetros bilaterales de los segmentos M1 de mujeres y hombres (p0,05). Como resultado del análisis post hoc realizado, se concluyó que el diámetro de los segmentos M1 derecho e izquierdo del grupo 1, grupo 2 y grupo 3 fue diferente del grupo 4 en ambos sexos (p<0.05). Creemos que este estudio será una guía en las evaluaciones anátomo-radiológicas y también mejorará el nivel de información microanatómica en el tratamiento quirúrgico al mostrar los cambios morfométricos que ocurren en el segmento M1 de la ACM en las enfermedades con DM2.

Evaluation of the effects of somatotype profiles on pain, proprioception, isokinetic muscle strength and kinesiophobia in patients with meniscopathy.

BACKGROUND: Somatotype causes differentiation of physical, physiological and biochemical metabolisms in the body. To what extent meniscopathy (M) is affected by somatotype profiles has been an issue of concern. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate whether somatotype profiles have an effect on kinesiophobia, pain, proprioception and isokinetic muscle strength in patients with an M diagnosis. METHODS: 172 (85 female, 87 male) M patients between the ages of 18 and 65 were included in the study. The Heath-Carter method was used to determine somatotype components. Biodex Isokinetic system at 120∘/sec angular speed was used for muscle strength measurements, a digital inclinometer with goniometer was used for proprioception measurement, the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS) was used for the assessment of kinesiophobia, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) fatigue scale was used for the assessment of fatigue and pain, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for pain assessment. RESULTS: Five somatotype profiles were found. When the right-left knee proprioception values were compared according to the somatotype profiles of patients, a significant difference was found in favor of balanced ectomorph at 15∘ and 30∘. No significant difference was found when TKS, FACIT, VAS values were compared in terms of somatotype profiles; while no significant difference was found in TKS, FACIT, VAS (REST-NIGHT) in terms of gender, a significant difference was found in VAS MOVE. Endomorph somatotype was dominant in the M patients. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with M disease showed significant differences in terms of endomorph components. Obesity may also be one of the negative findings for M disease. Somatotype classification may represent a suitable tool for monitoring M.

The Effect of Q Angle and Hamstring Length on Balance Performance in Gonarthrosis Patients.

Introduction Gonarthrosis (G) is a progressive disease that affects the knee joint and causes pain and limitation of movement in the knee. The determination of the morphometric status of G patients has been a subject of interest recently. The purpose of this study is to determine how hamstring length (HL) and patellofemoral angle (Q angle [QA]) affect the ability of individuals with G to maintain balance. Methods A total of 80 (40 G patients and 40 in the control group [CG]) participants aged 40-65 were included in the study. A goniometer was used to measure the participants' QA. The mean age of the participants was 50.18±7.16 in the G group and 51.40±6.64 in CG. HL was measured using the sit-and-reach test. Participants' dynamic balance state was evaluated using the Y balance test by stepping in the following directions: right-anterior (R-An), right-posteromedial (R-Pm), right-posterolateral (R-Pl), left-anterior (L-An), left-posteromedial (L-Pm), and left-posterolateral (L-Pl). Results According to the results of this research, the balance performance of G patients was significantly lower in all directions (R-An, R-Pm, R-Pl, L-An, L-Pm, L-Pl) compared to the CG. In both groups, R-QA, L-QA, and HL did not change. However, linear regression analysis indicated that in G patients, R-QA, L-QA, and HL affected balance performance. No significant interaction was found between these parameters and balance performance in the CG. Conclusion HL and QA have a significant role in determining body balance. In our study, we found that QA decreased in G patients, leading to genu varum in these individuals. The hamstring muscle shortening observed in G patients significantly negatively affected balance, especially in the R-An, R-Pm, L-An, L-Pm, and L-Pl directions. For healthcare professionals preparing treatment protocols for G patients, we recommend providing exercises to improve balance, especially in these directions.

Evaluation of Willis Polygon Morphometry with Cranial Tomographic Angiography.

AIM: To examine the morphometric properties of the vessels forming the Willis polygon (WP) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT) and compare them with healthy individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cranial Tomography Angiography (CTA) of 168 individuals were analyzed retrospectively. The individuals included in the study were divided into four groups according to the diagnosis. Group 1 included 40 individuals who were diagnosed with HT, Group 2 included 43 individuals who were diagnosed with DM, Group 3 included 42 individuals who were diagnosed with DM and HT, and Group 4 was the control group and included 43 individuals. The diameter and length measurements of the vessels forming the WP were included in our study. RESULTS: According to the results of the Kruskal Wallis H test, in female patients statistically significant differences were detected in the diameter measurements of the right and left A1 segment of the ACA, the diameter measurement of the left A2 segment, the diameter measurements of the right and left P1 and P2 segments of the ACP, the diameter measurements of the right and left AComP. (p < 0.05), in male patients statistically significant differences were found in the diameter of the right A1 segment of the ACA, the diameter and segment length measurements of the right and left P1 segments of the ACP, of the right and left P2 diameter measurements, and segment length measurements of the left AComP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We also found that the vessel diameters were similar in the HT, DM and HT+DM groups, and smaller than the control group. In addition, we think that knowing WP morphometric measurements will both guide the radio-anatomical evaluations to be made and increase the level of microanatomical knowledge in surgical treatment.

Anatomical Evaluation of the Alveolar Antral Artery in the Turkish Population: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study.

Background Injury to the alveolar antral artery (AAA) is one of the most common complications in oral surgical procedures. This study aimed to determine the diameter and anatomical position of the AAA, establish reference values for the Turkish population, and contribute to the literature. Methodology The diameter of the AAA at the level of the first molar tooth, its distance from the sinus floor, its vertical distance to the alveolar crest, its oblique distance to the sinus floor, the width of the maxillary sinus, the thickness of the lateral sinus wall, the residual alveolar protrusion height, the residual alveolar protrusion width at the basal level, and the distance from the sinus lateral wall to the sinus floor were all measured using cone-beam computed tomography. Age, gender, and oral health were used to evaluate the collected data. Results The average age of the participants in the study was 42.63 ± 16.07 years. The average AAA diameter was 1.1 ± 0.25 mm, the average height of the residual alveolar protrusion was 0.44 ± 0.13 cm, the average width of the residual alveolar protrusion at the basal level was 0.79 ± 0.12 cm, and the average width of the residual alveolar ridge at the crest level was 0.55 ± 0.11 cm. No significant differences were observed in these parameters based on gender and dental status (p > 0.05). The average AAA distance to the sinus floor was 1.02 ± 0.26 cm, the average vertical distance to the alveolar crest was 1.21 ± 0.25 cm, the average oblique distance to the sinus floor was 1.38 ± 0.25 cm, the average maxillary sinus width was 1.63 ± 0.28 cm, the average thickness of the lateral sinus wall was 0.12 ± 0.06 cm, and the average distance from the sinus lateral wall to the sinus floor was 1.28 ± 0.22 cm. Significant differences based on gender were observed in all these parameters (p < 0.05). A significant difference was observed in the vertical distance from AAA to the alveolar crest and the oblique distance to the sinus floor based on dental status (p < 0.05), with shorter distances in dentate individuals. Only the AAA diameter showed a weak negative correlation with age (p < 0.05, 0.2 < r < 0.04). Conclusions The results obtained were within a reliable range for oral surgery. Detailed reference findings for the proximity and location of structures can be established for the Turkish population during dental surgery. It is recommended that physicians performing surgical interventions in the maxillary region carefully consider these reference values preoperatively.

Investigation of Pulmonary Artery and Ascending Aorta Morphology in the Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Radioanatomical Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the maximum diameters of the pulmonary artery and ascending aorta and their ratio to each other to enable early diagnosis and treatment of possible pulmonary hypertension and to prevent possible complications in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 120 patients aged 40 years and older, 60 patients (30 females and 30 males) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and 60 individuals (30 females and 30 males), were included in this retrospective study. Maximum pulmonary artery and maximum ascending aorta diameters were measured at the level of bifurcatio trunci pulmonalis in the transverse axial plane by computed tomography, and their ratios to each other were determined. RESULTS: Our study revealed a statistically significant increase in maximum pulmonary artery and maximum ascending aorta diameters in both genders in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 compared to the control group and a statistically significant increase was found in the maximum pulmonary artery-maximum ascending aorta ratio in women with coronavirus disease 2019 compared to the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Knowing the diameters of maximum pulmonary artery and maximum ascending aorta and the maximum pulmonary artery-maximum ascending aorta ratio in hospitalized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected patients is a valuable predictive marker of pulmonary hypertension and a guide in determining the appropriate treatment. These data, which are easy to calculate from thorax computed tomography, may be beneficial in the prognosis of the disease.

Investigation of Factors Affecting Shuttle Walking Performance at Increased Speed for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

The aim of this study was to examine the factors affecting the shuttle walking test (SWT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 29 patients with COPD (the COPD group) and a healthy group (HG) of 34 women aged between 55 and 74 years were included in the study. After the pulmonary function profiles of the participants were assessed, and the SWT was performed. Walking distances, walking speeds, and SWT levels (SWT-L) were determined with the SWT. Before and after the SWT, the heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation level (SPO2), and Borg scale (perceived exertion (BSe) and dyspnea (BSd)) results were analyzed with a paired sample t-test. The dyspnea levels during activity of daily living were determined with the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale, and the relationship between MRC dyspnea (MRCD) and walking distance, speed, and SWT-L was tested using multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation analysis. The walking distance, speed, and SWT-L were lower in the COPD group (p < 0.001) than in the HG. The HR values before and after the SWT changed significantly in the COPD group and the HG (p< 0.001), and the effect size was higher in the COPD group. Although the BSe and BSd results before and after the SWT in the COPD group increased significantly (p < 0.001), they did not change in the HG. There was a highly negative correlation between MRCD and walking distance, speed, and SWT-L in the COPD group (p = 0.002, p = 0.000, and p = 0.001, respectively), but no correlation was found in the HG. The results showed that the HR, perceived exertion, and dyspnea levels of women with COPD whose respiratory functions were lower than the HG were significantly affected on the SWT.

Morphometric Examinations of Internal Carotid Arteries of Patients with Hypertension and Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Radio Anatomic Study Based on Computed Tomography Angiography Findings.

AIM: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the morphological features of A.carotis interna (ICA) and symptoms affecting cerebral blood circulation including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, retrospective morphometric analysis of ICA measurements from 100 patients (45-60 years old) was performed on Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA) images. The images were divided into four groups: patients with HT (group 1), patients with T2DM (group 2), patients with HT and T2DM (group 3), and healthy control group (group 4). Length and diameter measurements of the cervical, petrous, cavernous and terminal segments of the ICA were made by using 3D CTA images and recorded. The measurements of the male and female patients were compared by Mann Whitney-U test and the the groups were compared by using Kruskall Wallis H test. RESULTS: It was found that, there were statistically significant differences between male and female patients in terms of right and left petrous, cavernous and terminal segments of the ICA in Group 1, right and left cervical left cavernous in Group 3, left cervical, right and left petrous, cavernous and right cavernous in Group 4 (p 0.05). According to the Kruskall Wallis H test analysis results, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the patients in 4 groups for all segment measurements (p 0.05). CONCLUSION: As a result; It was determined that ICA was more affected by hypertension than diabetes. In addition, we think that being knowledgeable of morphometric measurements of ICA will guide the radio-anatomical evaluations and increase the level of microanatomical knowledge in surgical treatment.

Somatotype characteristics of patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease and its relationships with physical activity and depression / Características del somatotipo de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sin diálisis y su relación con la actividad física y la depresión

SUMMARY: Somatotype characters have been defined for many diseases. However, there is insufficient information on the somatotype characters of chronic kidney patients. The first aim of our study was to define the specific somatotype in patients diagnosed with CKD. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between somatotype characters and physical activity and depression in CKD patients. A total of 88 (52.7 %) patients diagnosed with CKD between January and December 2021 at the Department of Nephrology, Inonu University Hospital (Malatya, Turkey) and 79 (47.3 %) healthy volunteers were included in the study. Somatotype analysis was performed using the Heath-Carter method. Physical activity was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and depressive symptoms with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Analysis revealed that patients had greater medial calf girth (p = 0.036), higher triceps (p = 0.007) and suprailiac (p = 0.042) skinfold thicknesses and higher body mass index (p = 0.007) compared to controls. Patients also had significantly higher endomorphy (patients: 6.57±1.35 vs. controls: 6.04±1.3; effect size (ES): 0.40, p=0.010) and significantly higher mesomorphy (patients: 7.44±2 vs. controls: 6.85±2.3; ES: 0.27, p=0.039) as well as significantly lower ectomorphy (patients: 0.71±0.69 vs. controls: 1.10±0.93; ES: 0.47, p=0.006). Significant positive correlations were also observed between mesomorphy and IPAQ (rho = 0.219, p = 0.04), endomorphy and BDI (rho = 0.423, p 0.001). Significant negative correlations were observed between ectomorph and BDI (rho = -0.325, p = 0.002). We observed that the dominant somatotype was endomorphic mesomorph in patients with CKD. In addition, the fact that CKD patients with ectomorphic body structure have lower depressive symptoms could have an impact on their well-being.

RESUMEN: Se han definido caracteres de somatotipo para muchas enfermedades. Sin embargo, no hay suficiente información sobre los caracteres somatotípicos de los pacientes renales crónicos. El primer objetivo de nuestro estudio fue definir el somatotipo específico en pacientes diagnosticados de ERC. El segundo objetivo fue investigar la relación entre los caracteres del somatotipo y la actividad física y la depresión en pacientes con ERC. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 88 (52,7 %) pacientes diagnosticados con ERC entre enero y diciembre de 2021 en el Departamento de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario de Inonu (Malatya, Turquía) y 79 (47,3 %) voluntarios sanos. El análisis del somatotipo se realizó mediante el método de Heath-Carter. La actividad física se evaluó con el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ) y los síntomas depresivos con el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI). El análisis reveló que los pacientes tenían una mayor circunferencia media de la pierna (pantorrilla) (p = 0,036), tríceps (p = 0,007) y pliegues cutáneos suprailíacos (p = 0,042) más altos y un IMC más alto (p = 0,007) en comparación con los controles. Los pacientes también tenían una endomorfia significativamente mayor (pacientes: 6,57±1,35 frente a controles: 6,04±1,3; tamaño del efecto (ES): 0,40, p=0,010) y una mesomorfia significativamente mayor (pacientes: 7,44±2 frente a controles: 6,85±2,3; ES: 0,27, p=0,039) así como una ectomorfia significativamente menor (pacientes: 0,71±0,69 vs. controles: 1,10±0,93; ES: 0,47, p=0,006). También se observaron correlaciones positivas significativas entre mesomorfia e IPAQ (rho = 0,219, p = 0,04), endomorfia y BDI (rho = 0,423, p 0,001). Se observaron correlaciones negativas significativas entre ectomorfo y BDI (rho = -0,325, p = 0,002). Observamos que el somatotipo dominante fue el mesomorfo endomórfico en pacientes con ERC. Además, el hecho de que los pacientes con ERC con estructura corporal ectomórfica tengan menos síntomas depresivos podría tener un impacto en su bienestar.

Comparison of the Effects of the Somatotype on the Physical Activity, Kinesiophobia, and Fatigue Levels of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients and Healthy Individuals.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare the physical activity, kinesiophobia, and fatigue levels of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients and healthy individuals in terms their somatotypes. METHODS: A total of 165 individuals were enrolled referred to the Department of Chest Diseases Sleep Disorders Center Outpatient Clinic of Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey in 2018. The somatotype analysis was conducted using the Heath-Carter method, the fatigue level was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) fatigue scale, the kinesiophobia level was assessed using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), and the physical activity level was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: The results of the somatotype analysis revealed 3 different somatotypes in the healthy individuals and the OSAS patients' mesomorph endomorph, endomorphic mesomorph, and mesomorphic endomorph. When comparing the somatotypes of the healthy individuals and the OSAS patients, statistically significant differences were found in the FACIT scores of the mesomorph endomorphs, the IPAQ and FACIT scores of the endomorphic mesomorphs, and the TSK and FACIT scores of the mesomorphic endomorphs (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In all three somatotypes of the OSAS patients, the fatigue index scores were higher when compared to those of the healthy individuals. Moreover, when compared with the healthy individuals, the physical activity levels of the endomorphic mesomorphs with OSAS were low, while the kinesiophobia scores of the mesomorphic endomorphs with OSAS were high. Based on the results of this study, in OSAS patients, the endomorphic mesomorph somatotype could be a risk factor for reduced physical activity, while the mesomorphic endomorph somatotype could be a risk factor for increased kinesiophobia.

Evaluation of visual and auditory reaction time, pain, and hand grip strength performance before and after conventional physiotherapy in patients with herniated cervical intervertebral disc with radiculopathy.

Objective: Herniated cervical intervertebral disc (cervical disc herniation [CDH]) with radiculopathy is known to occur in seven or eight out of 100 people worldwide. This disease causes movement limitation, loss of strength, and pain of upper extremity. The aim of this study is the effect of conventional physiotherapy agents on predetermined parameters in patients with cervical radiculopathy and to compare the results with healthy controls. Methods: A total of 102 patients with CDH with radiculopathy and 98 healthy controls were included in the study. Visual reaction time (VRT) and auditory reaction time (ART) measurements were evaluated with reaction timer, while the pain was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) and handgrip strength (HGS) assessed with hand dynamometer, respectively. Conventional physiotherapy (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, hot pack application, and therapeutic ultrasound) agents were applied 5 days/week for 3 weeks as treatment protocol. Results: As a result, VAS, VRT, and ART scores were significantly decreased, and HGS scores increased significantly in both female and male patients post-treatment measures (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between patient group and control group measurements in post-treatment evaluations (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study presents the conclusion to literature that conventional physiotherapy agents have the effect of decreasing pain and regaining motor function and also a therapeutic effect on VRT and ART in the treatment of patients with CDH with radiculopathy.